​internet ¶ Webs



Internet: the greatest cultural tool of information and communication created by human intelligence, free, powerful, democratic and universal.


​#Internet es la herramienta más poderosa de información, comunicación, educación y cultura de la #humanidad en la era digital, su acceso debe ser universal.

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Internet

The Internet (contraction of interconnected network) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web(WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.
The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the federal government of the United States in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication with computer networks.[1] The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks.[2] The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s marked the beginning of the transition to the modern Internet,[3] and generated a sustained exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers were connected to the network. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, commercializationincorporated its services and technologies into virtually every aspect of modern life.
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Most traditional communications media, including telephony, radio, television, paper mail and newspapers are reshaped, redefined, or even bypassed by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as email, Internet telephony, Internet television, online music, digital newspapers, and video streaming websites. Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has grown exponentially both for major retailers and small businesses and entrepreneurs, as it enables firms to extend their "brick and mortar" presence to serve a larger market or even sell goods and services entirely online. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.

The Internet has no single centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.[4] The overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address (IP address) space and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.[5] In November 2006, the Internet was included on USA Today's list of New Seven Wonders.[6]






Internet

Internet (el internet o, también, la internet)3​ es un conjunto descentralizado de redes de comunicación interconectadas que utilizan la familia de protocolos TCP/IP, lo cual garantiza que las redes físicas heterogéneas que la componen, formen una red lógica única de alcance mundial. Sus orígenes se remontan a 1969, cuando se estableció la primera conexión de computadoras, conocida como ARPANET, entre tres universidades en California(Estados Unidos).

Uno de los servicios que más éxito ha tenido en internet ha sido la World Wide Web (WWW o la Web), hasta tal punto que es habitual la confusión entre ambos términos. La WWW es un conjunto de protocolos que permite, de forma sencilla, la consulta remota de archivos de hipertexto. Esta fue un desarrollo posterior (1990) y utiliza internet como medio de transmisión.4​

Existen, por tanto, muchos otros servicios y protocolos en internet, aparte de la Web: el envío de correo electrónico (SMTP), la transmisión de archivos (FTP y P2P), las conversaciones en línea (IRC), la mensajería instantánea y presencia, la transmisión de contenido y comunicación multimedia --telefonía (VoIP), televisión (IPTV)—, los boletines electrónicos (NNTP), el acceso remoto a otros dispositivos (SSH y Telnet) o los juegos en línea.4​5​6​
El uso de internet creció rápidamente en el hemisferio occidental desde la mitad de la década de 1990, y desde el final de la década en el resto del mundo.7​ En los 20 años desde 1995, el uso de internet se ha multiplicado por 100, cubriendo en 2015 a la tercera parte de la población mundial.8​9​ La mayoría de las industrias de comunicación, incluyendo telefonía, radio, televisión, correo postal y periódicos tradicionales están siendo transformadas o redefinidas por Internet, y permitió el nacimiento de nuevos servicios como correo electrónico (email), telefonía por internet, televisión por Internet, música digital, y vídeo digital. Las industrias de publicación de periódicos, libros y otros medios impresos se están adaptando a la tecnología de los sitios web, o están siendo reconvertidos en blogs, web feeds o agregadores de noticias online (p. ej., Google Noticias). Internet también ha permitido o acelerado nuevas formas de interacción personal por medio de mensajería instantánea, foros de Internet, y redes sociales como Facebook. El comercio electrónico ha crecido exponencialmente tanto para grandes cadenas como para pequeñas y medianas empresas o nuevos emprendedores, ya que permite servir a mercados más grandes y vender productos y servicios completamente en línea. Relaciones business-to-business y de servicios financieros en línea en internet han afectado las cadenas de suministro de industrias completas.






World Wide Web (WWW) ​

The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as https://www.example.com/), which may be interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible via the Internet.[1] The resources of the WWW may be accessed by users via a software application called a web browser.

English scientist Tim Berners-Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web while working for CERN in March 1989 by submitting Information Management: A Proposal[2] and writing the first web browser in 1990.[3][4] The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet.[5][6][7]
Web resources may be any type of downloadable media, but web pages are hypertext media which have been formatted in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).[8] Such formatting allows for embedded hyperlinks which contain URLs and permit users to easily navigateto other web resources. In addition to text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, and software components that are rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content.

Multiple web resources with a common theme, a common domain name, or both, make up a website. Websites are stored in computers which are running a program called a web server which responds to requests made over the Internet from web browsers running on users' computers. Website content can be largely provided by a publisher, or interactively where users contribute content or the content depends upon the users or their actions. Websites may be provided for myriad informative, entertainment, commercial, governmental, or non-governmental reasons.


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World Wide Web (WWW) 

En informática, la World Wide Web (WWW) o red informática mundial1​ es un sistema de distribución de documentos de hipertexto o hipermediainterconectados y accesibles a través de Internet. Con un navegador web, un usuario visualiza sitios web compuestos de páginas web que pueden contener textos, imágenes, vídeos u otros contenidos multimedia, y navega a través de esas páginas usando hiperenlaces.
La Web se desarrolló entre marzo de 1989 y diciembre de 1990.2​3​ por el inglés Tim Berners-Lee con la ayuda del belga Robert Cailliau mientras trabajaban en el CERN en Ginebra, Suiza, y publicado en 1992. Desde entonces, Berners-Lee ha jugado un papel activo guiando el desarrollo de estándares Web (como los lenguajes de marcado con los que se crean las páginas web), y en los últimos años ha abogado por su visión de una Web semántica. Utilizando los conceptos de sus anteriores sistemas de hipertexto como ENQUIRE, el físico británico Tim Berners-Lee, un científico de la computación y en ese tiempo de los empleados del CERN, ahora director del World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), escribió una propuesta en marzo de 1989 con lo que se convertiría en la World Wide Web.4​ La propuesta de 1989 fue destinada a un sistema de comunicación CERN pero Berners-Lee finalmente se dio cuenta que el concepto podría aplicarse en todo el mundo.5​ En la CERN, la organización europea de investigación cerca de Ginebra, en la frontera entre Francia y Suiza,6​ Berners-Lee y el científico de la computación belga Robert Cailliau propusieron en 1990 utilizar el hipertexto "para vincular y acceder a información de diversos tipos como una red de nodos en los que el usuario puede navegar a voluntad",7​ y Berners-Lee terminó el primer sitio web en diciembre de ese año.8​ Berners-Lee publicó el proyecto en el grupo de noticias alt.hypertext el 7 de agosto de 1991.9​



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Digital rights

The term digital rights describes the human rights that allow individuals to access, use, create, and publish digital media or to access and use computers, other electronic devices, or communications networks. The term is particularly related to the protection and realization of existing rights, such as the right to privacy or freedom of expression, in the context of new digital technologies, especially the Internet.[1] Right to Internet access is recognized as a right by the laws of several countries.[2]

Right to Internet access

The right to Internet access, also known as the right to broadband or freedom to connect, is the view that all people must be able to access the Internet in order to exercise and enjoy their rights to freedom of expression and opinion and other fundamental human rights, that states have a responsibility to ensure that Internet access is broadly available, and that states may not unreasonably restrict an individual's access to the Internet.


In December 2003 the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was convened under the auspice of the United Nations. After lengthy negotiations between governments, businesses and civil society representatives the WSIS Declaration of Principles was adopted reaffirming the importance of the Information Society to maintaining and strengthening human rights:[1] [2]


1. We, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled in Geneva from 10–12 December 2003 for the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society, declare our common desire and commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.​


3. We reaffirm the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelation of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, as enshrined in the Vienna Declaration. We also reaffirm that democracy, sustainable development, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as good governance at all levels are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. We further resolve to strengthen the rule of law in international as in national affairs.
The WSIS Declaration of Principles makes specific reference to the importance of the right to freedom of expression in the "Information Society" in stating:
4. We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the Information Society, and as outlined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organization. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits the Information Society offers.[2]



Right to freedom of speech

The right to Internet access is closely linked to the right of freedom of speech which can be seen to encompass freedom of expression as well. Two key facets of the Internet are highlighted by Stephanie Borg Psaila - the Internet's content and the Internet's infrastructure.[20] The infrastructure is necessary in order to deliver the service to the masses but requires extensive positive action. The content loaded onto the Internet however is seen as something that should be available to all, with few or no restrictions; limits on content have been viewed as the key breach of human rights, namely the right to freedom of speech.

The Internet's power is said to lie in its removal of a government’s control of information.[21] Online on the Internet, any individuals can publish anything, which allows citizens to circumvent the government’s official information sources. This has threatened governing regimes and lead to many censoring or cutting Internet service in times of crisis.

China and Iran are currently the two world’s largest censorship users. Both nations use extensive firewall systems to block any information from the Internet which they perceive to be offensive or threatening to their regimes.[22] If a citizen of these nations is caught dissenting from the nation using the Internet then they may face severe penalties, even the removal of civil liberties.
In contrast to this, censorship which has been initiated by the United States is focused more on the protection of intellectual property. While the right to proportion of one’s individual ideas is recognized, there is widespread fear that wide-ranging powers awarded in anti-piracy laws will lead to the abuse of freedom of expression and censorship.[22]

The removal or censorship of Internet in turn could be seen as a breach of the human right of freedom of speech.
One such particular incident was in Egypt, where the government of Hosni Mubarak shut down the Internet a number of times during the 2011 uprising in an attempt to suppress the protests, which happened during the Arab Spring. Even though services were only cut off for a few days, this stifled Egyptians' ability to access basic services – such as ambulances – which has been blamed by some for escalating the death toll of protesters.[21] In response to this, Google and Twitter developed a voice mail service for Egyptians to leave messages which in turn were posted onto Twitter.[23]
In the report to the OSCE on Internet access as a fundamental human right, Professor Yaman Akdenian states that the right to freedom of expression must be universal including the technology which will enable it. Restrictions on this right and any mediums required to fulfill it should only be permitted if they comply with international norms and are balanced again the public interest. Furthermore, the author noted that new technologies which arise in aiding the freedom of expression will require new approaches. Thus rules governing the use of non-digital media cannot be assumed to apply to digital media too. Furthermore, it was also noted in the paper presented to the OSCE that extra measures should be taken to ensure vulnerable groups such as children have access to Internet and literacy programs.[24]

Right to development

The right to development is a third generation right recognized by the UN General Assembly. The Internet's role in securing this right has been noted by human rights scholars and activists in several ways.[25] The increasing access to technology such as mobile phones has already proven to provide developing nations with further economic development opportunities. Increasing access to the Internet can, for example, improve low income individuals' access to financial services such as savings accounts and enable online trading.[26]
The UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, in his 2011 report to the UN Human Rights Councilemphasised that "without Internet access, which facilitates economic development and the enjoyment of a range of human rights, marginalized groups and developing States remain trapped in a disadvantaged situation, thereby perpetuating inequality both within and between States".[6] La Rue's report led to arguments that in order to secure Internet access as a human right and to facilitate every nation's economic development, governments should act to ensure universal access, just as governments should act to ensure access to utilities such as waterand electricity.[27] The advocacy group A Human Right estimates that 4.6 billion people worldwide currently do not have Internet access and that increasing access to the Internet by just 10% can add 1.28–2.5% to the GDP of developing countries.[28]

Right to freedom of assembly


Traditionally the right to freedom of assembly covered peaceful gatherings such as protests in physical public spaces such as town squares but as technology progresses we are seeing a revolution in the way people meet and interact. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton has stated, "cyber space, after all, is the public square of the 21st century".[29] Today we are seeing an increase in the relevance of internet and the right to freedom of assembly. Even signing an online petition has been known to cause arrests and the internet has become a useful tool in the organization of protest movements and demonstrations.[29]
It is widely recognized that without the contribution of the Internet and social media networks such as Twitter and Facebook recent political events such as the Arab Spring could not have occurred, or at least not to the same extent.[30][31] The role these mediums had were to allow the communication and mass dispatch of protests and other movements.
Internet access was also pivotal in the Occupy movement. A collective of journalists involved in the movement stated in regards to access to internet, "[a]ccess to open communications platforms is critical for the human species evolution and survival".[32]





Derecho de acceso a Internet

El derecho de acceso a Internet es el derecho humano (derecho digital) que posee toda persona para acceder a Internet con el fin de ejercer y disfrutar de sus derechos a la libertad de expresión, de opinión y otros derechos humanos fundamentales que conforman la democracia, de forma que los Estados y las Naciones Unidas tienen la responsabilidad de garantizar que el acceso a Internet sea ampliamente disponible, no pudiendo los Estados restringir injustificadamente el acceso de una persona a Internet. El acceso a Internet está reconocido como un derecho fundamental por las leyes de varios países.1​

En la actualidad, como ha estudiado recientemente el Prof. Dr. Moisés Barrio Andrés, el debate jurídico se centra primero en la "funcionalidad" del acceso a Internet, es decir, que la garantía jurídica comprenda no sólo una velocidad sino también parámetros de calidad de la conexión. Y también se viene discutiendo si el acceso a Internet debe plasmarse en las Constituciones como un nuevo derecho fundamental.2​





"El acceso a internet, un derecho humano."


1) Universalidad e igualdad:

Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos, que deben ser respetados, protegidos y cumplidos en el entorno online.

2) Derechos humanos y justicia social:

Internet es un espacio para la promoción, protección y cumplimiento de los derechos humanos y el avance de la justicia social. Toda persona tiene el deber de respetar los derechos de los demás en el entorno online.

3) Accesibilidad:

Toda persona tiene igual derecho a acceder y utilizar Internet de forma segura y libre.

4) Expresión y asociación:

Toda persona tiene derecho a buscar, recibir y difundir información libremente en Internet sin censura ni interferencias. Todo el mundo tiene derecho a asociarse libremente a través de Internet, con fines sociales, políticos, culturales o de otro tipo.

5) Confidencialidad y protección de datos:

Toda persona tiene derecho a la privacidad online. Esto incluye el no ser vigilado, el derecho a utilizar cifrado y el derecho al anonimato. Todo el mundo tiene derecho a la protección de datos, incluyendo el control sobre la recolección, almacenamiento, gestión, cesión, eliminación y divulgación de sus datos personales y pudiendo ejercer su derecho al acceso, rectificación, cancelación y oposición a los mismos.

6) Vida, libertad y seguridad:

El derecho a la vida, la libertad y la seguridad deben ser respetados, protegidos y cumplidos en Internet. Estos derechos no deben ser infringidos o utilizados para vulnerar los derechos de otros.

7) Diversidad:

La diversidad cultural y lingüística en Internet debe ser promovida, la innovación técnica y política deben alentar y facilitar la pluralidad de expresión.

8) Igualdad:

Todo el mundo tendrá acceso universal y abierto a los contenidos de Internet, libre de priorizaciones discriminatorias, filtrado o control de tráfico por razones comerciales, políticas o de otra índole.

9) Normas y reglamento:

La arquitectura de Internet, los sistemas de comunicación y los formatos de documentos y datos se deben basar en estándares abiertos que garanticen la interoperabilidad completa, la inclusión y la igualdad de oportunidades para todos.

10) Gobierno:

​Los Derechos Humanos y la Justicia Social deben ser la base jurídica y normativa sobre la que operar en Internet. Esto sucederá de manera transparente y multilateral, con un Internet basado en los principios de la participación inclusiva y la rendición de cuentas.





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